South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, Upbit, has partnered with the Optimism Foundation to build Giwa Chain, a new Ethereum-based Layer 2 blockchain network.

 

Giwa Chain, which will be built on Optimism’s open source OP Stack, will be the first of its kind built on the self-managed tier of Optimism’s OP Enterprise and stems from the growing need for exchanges to build their own blockchains.

 

 

While crypto exchanges using shared chains are not inherently problematic, issues arise as usage increases, making it difficult for these networks to handle the growing workloads of exchanges, including institutional transaction volumes, compliance requirements, and fee economics, which often compound as an exchange scales. For a global exchange like Upbit, which serves more than 13 million users and ranks among the top exchanges by spot trading volume, owning and managing its own blockchain is critical for performance and scalability.

 

By partnering with Optimism to build a self-managed chain, Upbit allows Optimism to manage key technical aspects of the chain’s infrastructure, including tooling and engineering support, while still retaining sovereignty over the chain’s control and overseeing key functions such as the primary sequencer, chain configuration, and operational authority.

 

“Operating our own Giwa Chain is a strategic move for Upbit. Our goal is to provide institutional and retail users with a level of performance and compliance consistent with our existing platform,” said Minseok Jung, Chief Operating Officer of Dunamu Inc.

 

“The Optimism Foundation’s self-managed tier provides a suitable framework, allowing us to maintain operational control while building on established infrastructure. This approach aligns with our requirements for scalability and oversight.”

 

Giwa Chain is currently live on testnet, with mainnet deployment to follow. Dunamu, the parent company of Upbit, has also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Optimism Foundation on May 4, outlining key aspects of Giwa Chain, including its architecture reviews, performance benchmarking, and security audits.

 

Crypto Exchanges Building Their Own Chains

There has been an increase in the number of cryptocurrency exchanges building their own layer 2 blockchains, with many doing so for improved infrastructural performance and to gain control over fees, transaction sequencing, user experience, and compliance.

 

The OP Stack has been instrumental in this development, with the Optimism Foundation stating that its OP Stack currently houses over 32 layer 2 blockchain networks, including Binance’s opBNB chain, Kraken’s Ink chain, Gate.io’s Gate Layer, and OKX’s X Layer.

 

 

Brazil’s central bank, Banco Central do Brasil, has banned the use of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins for settling cross border payments in regulated systems.

 

The ban follows the issuance of Resolution BCB No. 561, which amends Brazil’s foreign exchange rules. Under the amendment, regulated electronic foreign exchange (eFX) systems in the country will no longer be able to use virtual assets to settle cross border payments and remittances.

 

While this does not outright ban the use of cryptocurrencies for cross border transfers, the rule restricts their use in foreign exchange settlements. The measure was introduced to strengthen regulatory supervision and oversight and will take effect on October 1, 2026.

 

This restriction comes shortly after Resolutions BCB 519, 520, and 521 took effect on February 2, 2026. Although the framework was initially published in November last year, it requires all Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs), including crypto exchanges and wallet providers, to obtain a Sociedade Prestadora de Serviços de Ativos Virtuais (SPSAV) license from Brazil’s authorities before they can legally operate in the country. Non compliant companies must shut down if they fail to secure the license within a nine month grace period.

 

The State of Crypto in Latin America

Crypto adoption in Latin America continues to grow strongly. In 2025, the region saw a 60% increase in regional transaction volume, reaching nearly $730 billion.

 

Since many countries in Latin America have been hit by the harsh effects of inflation, stablecoins have become a backbone for many in the region, acting as digital dollars for households and businesses, and accounting for about 80-90% of the total annual transaction volume in several countries.

 

Brazil continues to lead crypto adoption in Latin America, accounting for about one third of the total crypto transaction volume in the region, followed by Argentina and Mexico. Through the acquisition of Simpaul in 2025, a Brazilian brokerage firm, Binance became the first global exchange to become a broker dealer in the country, allowing it to expand its financial offerings.

 

Crypto asset manager Hashdex also launched XRPH11, the world's first spot XRP ETF in Brazil, which was later listed on B3, Brazil’s stock exchange.

 

 

Gemini Olympus, LLC, an affiliate of the Gemini cryptocurrency exchange, has recently received a Derivatives Clearing Organization license from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, enabling it to act as the clearinghouse for Gemini’s regulated derivatives trading, including prediction markets.

 

“Today marks a major milestone in Gemini’s marketplace expansion. In addition to our crypto spot marketplace, Gemini now has a full-stack, end-to-end marketplace for predictions as well as futures, options, and more,” said Cameron Winklevoss, Gemini’s president. He added that the DCO license is a major stepping stone toward Gemini achieving its goal of building a super app that allows users to fulfill all their existing and future financial needs in one place.

 

 

With this newly secured DCO license, together with the Designated Contract Market license that Gemini Titan, LLC, another Gemini entity, secured around December of last year, Gemini is now one step closer to obtaining the full suite of CFTC derivatives licenses.

 

Once it secures the Futures Commission Merchant license, the final component of the CFTC derivatives licensing framework, the company would be able to position itself as a fully regulated derivatives platform in the United States, offering U.S. customers a range of products, including crypto futures, options, and perpetual futures.

 

Gemini Joins Exchanges in Crypto Derivatives Push

With the Derivatives Clearing Organization license now secured and the Futures Commission Merchant license in sight, Gemini has joined a host of other crypto exchanges, including Kraken, Crypto.com, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, in the race to position themselves as all-in-one derivatives platforms.

 

To break into the derivatives market, Payward, the parent company of the cryptocurrency exchange Kraken, acquired Bitnomial, a U.S.-based derivatives exchange, for $550 million last month. Like Kraken, Coinbase has also taken the acquisition route to enter the crypto derivatives market, acquiring Deribit Exchange for $2.9 billion and The Clearing Company for an undisclosed amount.

 

The race to provide complete crypto derivatives offerings is not unique to cryptocurrency exchanges, as prediction market companies like Kalshi and Polymarket are also making efforts to enter the crypto derivatives market.

 

Through Kinetic Markets LLC, one of its affiliates, Kalshi recently secured the Futures Commission Merchant license, along with the Designated Contract Market license it already holds, with efforts underway to secure the Derivatives Clearing Organization license, which is the final license required.

 

 

Social media giant Meta is currently running a pilot program that tests issuing creators’ payouts in stablecoins. “Meta now offers USDC stablecoin payouts via supported crypto wallets on the Solana and Polygon blockchain networks,” the team wrote on its Business Help Center page

 

Since this is still a pilot program, only creators in Colombia and the Philippines are currently eligible for the service, with the program expected to expand to more than 160 countries before the end of the year, according to an X post by Polygon Labs.

 

 

While the announcement was well received by many in the crypto community, a spokesperson for Meta clarified the goal of the initiative, stating that Meta was not issuing its own stablecoin but was instead tapping into Circle’s $77 billion USDC stablecoin, with plans to integrate the stablecoin into its payment infrastructure.

 

The Meta USDC creator payout program is currently supported by several popular crypto wallets, including MetaMask, Phantom, and Binance, with global payments platform Stripe handling the technical infrastructure and serving as the payments provider. Solana and Polygon are the only blockchain networks currently supported for this program.

 

Meta Pushes Again Into Crypto After Setbacks

Meta’s recent move into crypto follows several setbacks it has had to deal with in the past. In 2019, it launched Libra, a cryptocurrency which it said could be used across its different social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp.

 

However, things did not go as planned, as some stakeholders, such as PayPal, Mastercard, and Visa, which were involved in the project, started pulling out due to scrutiny and backlash from U.S. regulators and from some members of the U.S. Congress.

 

Although Meta made several efforts to save the project, including rebranding it from Libra to Diem, a stablecoin backed by the U.S. dollar in an effort to appease federal regulators, nothing worked, as federal regulators stated that the project could not move forward.

 

Other projects associated with Libra and Diem, such as the Novi wallet, a cryptocurrency wallet built by Meta that allowed users to hold and transfer Libra, also failed, and the entire project was eventually wound down. According to Stuart Levey, then CEO of the Diem Association, “it became clear from our dialogue with federal regulators that the project could not move ahead.”

 

 

Cryptocurrency exchange OKX has launched Agent Payments Protocol (APP), a new payment protocol that allows AI agents to perform commercial activities.

 

The new payment protocol, according to OKX, is an open standard that defines how AI agents communicate and negotiate, pay for services, and pay each other. It also, for the first time, allows AI agents to move beyond simple payments and into full-scale commerce.

 

 

“In the past few months, AI agents moved from answering questions to running workflows, managing business processes, and acting autonomously on behalf of users,” OKX wrote in a blog post. “The bottleneck shifted from intelligence to commerce - not just paying, but the full cycle of doing business: quoting, negotiating, escrowing funds, metering usage, settling, and resolving disputes.”

 

This existing problem among AI agents is what OKX aims to solve with its new Agent Payments Protocol (APP), allowing agents not only to manage single payment requests but also to manage payment requests across multiple levels.

 

Inside the Agent Payment Protocol

The agent payment protocol (APP) from OKX is an open standard designed to work across all chains, especially the Solana and Ethereum blockchains.

 

APP unlocks new capabilities for AI agents, making it possible for these agents to operate and communicate autonomously across the full commerce lifecycle, pay each other through agent-to-agent payments, and also allowing AI agents to perform upfront and top-up payments, including deductions.

 

At its implementation layer is the payment software development kit (SDK) that makes it possible for developers to accept and make agent payments with just a few lines of code. According to the blog announcement, the agent payment protocol supports a wide variety of payments, including one-time payments, batch payments, pay-as-you-go, and escrow payments, which OKX says is coming soon.

 

Embedded within the payment protocol is the OKX self-custodial agentic wallet, which supports over 20 blockchains. Since the wallet is secured by means of a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), a hardware-based security environment, the wallet’s private keys and sensitive operations are kept highly secure.

 

Despite its early launch, the OKX agent payment protocol is currently supported by major cloud infrastructure firms, including Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Alibaba Cloud, as well as blockchain companies such as Uniswap, Paxos, MoonPay, Zerion, and Nansen.

 

With the launch of its payment protocol, OKX joins companies such as Coinbase, Stripe, and OpenAI, which have already launched their payment protocols, namely x402, Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP), and Machine Payments Protocol (MPP), respectively.

 

 

KBank, South Korea’s first internet-only bank and the exclusive fiat partner of Upbit, South Korea’s largest crypto exchange, has partnered with Ripple to test its on-chain remittance system.

 

The partnership, according to a local news report, is aimed at leveraging Ripple’s global blockchain infrastructure and network to improve KBank’s international remittance systems, including the speed, cost, and transparency of its services through a proof-of-concept system.

 

 

The proof-of-concept system will test the possibility of KBank moving its cross border remittance system from traditional networks to a faster and cheaper blockchain based system. The process, which has already begun, will involve a two stage verification step.

 

In the first verification stage, which has already been completed, KBank and Ripple examined and verified a wallet app based remittance system. The second stage, which is currently ongoing, will test the stability of the on chain remittance system and will involve the virtual linking of customer accounts to KBank’s internal systems. These accounts will then be used to make on chain transfers to countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Thailand.

 

Although KBank developed its own digital wallet, which was used for the first verification stage, it will leverage Palisade, Ripple’s global SaaS based digital wallet, for the second stage of the proof of concept verification.

 

About KBank 

KBank is South Korea’s first internet only, fully digital bank that operates entirely online without physical branches. It gained prominence in the crypto industry when it became Upbit’s exclusive fiat partner. As a result, every trader who buys or sells crypto on Upbit must move their funds through KBank. In this role, KBank serves as an intermediary between traders and Upbit.

 

Because Upbit is South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, with a user base of over 13 million, its partnership with KBank had a ripple effect on KBank’s own user base, increasing it from 2 million in 2020 to 15 million by the end of 2025.

 

Apart from its partnership with Upbit, KBank has also been involved in several other crypto related partnerships. Earlier this year, it signed an agreement with UAE based digital asset firm Changer.ae and Korean blockchain company BPMG to build won to dirham stablecoin remittance rails. 

 

KBank has also gone public, completing its initial public offering (IPO) last month, and is now listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, also known as KOSPI.

 

 

Global payments giant Visa has partnered with the decentralized onchain bank WeFi to enable crypto based payments while allowing users to maintain full custody of their digital assets.

 

The partnership will initially focus on exploring ways in which WeFi’s onchain banking infrastructure can be leveraged to scale stablecoin based payments in selected markets.

 

“As interest in digital assets grows, our focus is on making these new models practical at scale by connecting them to payment experiences people already trust,” Mathieu Altwegg, Visa’s Head of Product and Solutions in Europe, said. “This collaboration demonstrates how Visa’s global network interacts with onchain models.”

 

The partnership is significant as it represents a shift in custodial practices, where users often hand over their digital assets to cryptocurrency exchanges. Since WeFi offers self custody, users will be able to maintain full control of their assets while leveraging Visa’s global payment rails and using digital assets to make payments anywhere Visa is accepted.

 

The rollout will take place one region at a time, with Europe, Asia, and Latin America among the first beneficiaries, while expansion continues into additional markets depending on regulatory approvals and partnerships.

 

“People expect money to work seamlessly across borders without unnecessary complexity. We see this partnership as a way to work with Visa’s capabilities as we continue to develop WeFi’s debanking offering across key regions,” said Maksym Sakharov, WeFi co founder and CEO.

 

What is WeFi? 

WeFi is a blockchain based decentralized on chain bank (deobank) founded by Maksym Sakharov and Reeve Collins, a co founder of Tether.

 

Through its mobile first, simple interface, WeFi provides financial services to more than 1.4 billion unbanked people worldwide, allowing them to maintain full custody of their digital assets while facilitating crypto based payments and cross border transfers.

 

Since its launch last year, WeFi has grown significantly, serving more than 150,000 users across over 80 countries. To support crypto based payments, WeFi has partnered with industry players including LayerZero and has announced integrations with companies such as Binance and Visa.

 

 

Global financial services company Western Union has announced its plans to launch its long awaited U.S. Dollar Payment Token (USDPT) stablecoin next month.

 

The Solana based USDPT stablecoin, which is to be issued by crypto bank Anchorage Digital, is already in its final stages of preparation and is expected to launch, Devin McGranahan, Western Union CEO and President, revealed during the firm’s recent first quarter earnings call.

 

"It is no longer a question of if Western Union will be active in digital assets; it is now how fast we can scale," McGranahan said during the call with investors and financial analysts.

 

McGranahan also revealed in a Q&A session that the USDPT stablecoin will not be launched as a consumer product, but will instead initially be used internally as an alternative to the SWIFT network. With the USDPT stablecoin, Western Union aims to facilitate fast transaction settlements in real time with its agents around the world.

 

Other Services to Be Launched Alongside USDPT

Alongside the USDPT stablecoin, Western Union will be launching two additional services and products: its USD stablecard and the Digital Asset Network, or DAN, which allows digital assets, including USDPT and crypto wallets, to connect with Western Union’s existing infrastructure.

 

By means of a single connection to Western Union’s API, DAN provides off ramp services to users, enabling them to convert stablecoins held in crypto wallets into local currencies.

 

"Through DAN, millions of wallet users will be able to move from digital assets into local currency using Western Union's retail network, with an experience that is simple for customers and familiar for our agents," McGranahan said, while also stating that the first partner of the network will be revealed next week. DAN will be made available in over 360,000 locations across more than 200 countries and territories.

 

To allow users to hold value in stablecoins, including USDPT, Western Union will also be launching its USD stablecard, a consumer based card developed by crypto wallet provider Rain and Visa.

 

The stablecard, according to McGranahan, will be especially compelling in inflation sensitive markets where customers want dollar denominated value, and it will be launched across dozens of markets worldwide. With the card, users living in areas hit by high inflation will be able to hold USD based stablecoins and spend them globally.

 

 

Tennessee has placed a statewide ban on crypto ATMs, becoming the second state in the United States, after Indiana, to have outright banned crypto ATMs.

 

The ban on crypto ATMs in the state comes after Bill Lee, Tennessee’s governor, signed House Bill 2505 into law, following its unanimous approval by both the Tennessee House of Representatives and the Senate.

 

House Bill 2505, which has now been passed into the state’s legal code, prohibits the installation or operation of virtual currency kiosks, otherwise known as Bitcoin ATMs, in the state. Any violation of the law will be treated as a criminal offense classified as a Class A misdemeanor, with offenders facing up to one year in prison and a fine of $2,500.

 

Image credit: capitol.tn.gov

 

The law also treats business owners who allow these crypto ATMs to be hosted on their property as accomplices, making them liable under the same offense. Although the bill was signed into Tennessee’s legal code last Thursday, it will take effect on July 1.

 

Indiana First to Ban Crypto ATMs

Tennessee’s ban on crypto ATMs comes shortly after Indiana, which on March 9 signed House Enrolled Act 1116 (HEA 1116 into law, banning crypto ATMs in the state and becoming the first U.S. state to do so. The move was prompted by the high levels of fraud and widespread scams associated with crypto kiosks.According to FBI data, about $333 million was stolen through crypto kiosks in 2025 alone. 

 

Prior to the ban, Indiana had nearly 900 crypto ATMs in operation. However, all of these machines were effectively deactivated immediately after Indiana Governor Mike Braun signed House Enrolled Act 1116 into law.

 

Tennessee Takes a Strong Stance on Prediction Markets

Tennessee has, for some time now, taken strong action against prediction market platforms, targeting operators such as Kalshi and Polymarket. In January of this year, the Tennessee Sports Wagering Council (SWC) issued cease and desist orders against major platforms including Polymarket, Kalshi, and Crypto.com, demanding that they stop offering sports event contracts in the state.

 

Kalshi, however, sued the state in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee and won a preliminary injunction. The ruling allowed Kalshi to continue operating in the state while the case proceeds.

 

 

Amazon Web Services (AWS), the cloud computing division of Amazon, has integrated the data standards and services of the decentralized oracle network Chainlink into its platform, enabling connectivity between traditional cloud infrastructure and blockchain networks.

 

The integration, according to AWS, aims to address the blockchain oracle problem. Although blockchain networks operate as decentralized ledgers, they are not inherently designed to connect with external data sources, application programming interfaces (APIs), and other blockchains. This limitation presents a significant challenge for developers building digital asset solutions and tokenization products that depend on real-world data for operational efficiency.

 

 

By integrating Chainlink data standards into its marketplace, AWS addresses this connectivity problem, making it possible for blockchain networks to connect to its cloud infrastructure while maintaining the security, compliance, and reliability standards required by financial institutions.

 

The integration brings three Chainlink oracle services into the AWS Marketplace. These include Chainlink Data Feeds, which provide access to decentralized price and market data for asset valuation, assessment, and risk management; Chainlink Data Streams, which deliver fast and secure data that enables on-chain systems to respond to market movements in real time and manage risk dynamically; and Chainlink Proof of Reserve, which provides secure and verifiable on-chain reserve attestations for stablecoins and other tokenized assets.

 

Through this integration, enterprises will be able to build tokenization solutions that leverage AWS cloud capabilities alongside blockchain functionality without needing to independently solve the blockchain oracle problem. Developers will also be able to connect external data sources to blockchain applications through secure oracle networks while using AWS compute resources.

 

Platforms Integrate with Decentralized Oracle Networks

Decentralized oracle networks, which are blockchain-based middleware systems that securely bridge real-world data to blockchain networks using several independent nodes, have increasingly been integrated into platforms in recent times.

 

Just this month, Polymarket integrated Pyth Network into its prediction market platform. Through this integration, Polymarket enabled traders to place predictions on real-life commodities such as gold and silver, as well as U.S. stocks, including NVIDIA and Apple.

 

Allor Network, also this month, integrated the decentralized oracle network Band Protocol into its platform, allowing for the secure delivery of real-world data for its Web3 applications.

 

Chainlink decentralized oracles have also been integrated into traditional finance platforms, including SWIFT and SIX Group, the organization behind Switzerland’s principal stock exchange, the SIX Swiss Exchange, with plans underway to integrate them into the Australian Stock Exchange platform.

 

 

The Morgan Stanley Investment Management (MSIM) has launched the Stablecoin Reserves Portfolio (MSNXX), a new government money market fund that aligns with the stablecoin reserve investment requirements set by the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act).

 

The new stablecoin reserve fund aims to offer payment stablecoin issuers an eligible money market fund option in which they can invest their stablecoin reserves backing their payment stablecoins. 

 

According to Fred McMullen, Co-Head of Global Liquidity at Morgan Stanley Investment Management, the reserve fund offers stablecoin issuers investment solutions that allow them to safely and securely invest the reserve assets backing the stablecoins they hold.

 

With this stablecoin reserve fund, stablecoin issuers can safely and efficiently preserve their reserve capital while maintaining daily liquidity and competitive interest yields. Since the fund only invests in cash, Treasury bills, notes, and bonds with maturities of about 93 days or less, stablecoin issuers are not required to manage complex regulatory compliance processes or continuously audit reserves to demonstrate sufficient liquidity backing their stablecoins.

 

Speaking on the launch of the stablecoin reserve fund, Amy Oldenburg, Head of Digital Asset Strategy for Morgan Stanley, said that the launch of the MSIM Stablecoin Reserves Portfolio is another step toward modernizing Morgan Stanley’s financial infrastructure and is a key step in improving the firm’s institutional client experience.

 

"Creating opportunities for all client segments as markets evolve will make the next phase of finance possible and more broadly accessible," Oldenburg added.

 

Morgan Stanley Expands Its Digital Assets Offerings

The launch of the Stablecoin Reserves Portfolio (MSNXX) is part of Morgan Stanley’s efforts toward expanding its digital asset offerings and comes shortly after Morgan Stanley Investment Management, early this month, launched the Morgan Stanley Bitcoin Trust (MSBT), a spot exchange-traded product that tracks the price performance of Bitcoin.

 

Upon launching on the New York Stock Exchange, the MSBT fund drew approximately $34 million in net inflows on its first day, processing more than 1.6 million shares and significantly outperforming older exchange-traded funds.

 

Eric Balchunas, one of Bloomberg’s notable ETF analysts, ranked it in the top 1 percent of all ETF launches, describing it as “arguably the biggest bitcoin ETF launch in the history of the spot bitcoin ETF market.” Balchunas also projects that the MSBT fund will reach $5 billion in assets under management within the next year.

 

 

The U.S. Department of the Treasury, specifically the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), has frozen $344 million in USDT allegedly linked to Iran.

 

In a Friday post on X, U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent announced the crypto seizure. The move, according to Bessent, is part of the U.S. effort to systematically degrade Tehran’s ability to generate, move, and repatriate funds.

 

 

“We will follow the money that Tehran is desperately attempting to move outside of the country and target all financial lifelines tied to the regime,” Bessent wrote.

 

While the announcement from Bessent confirmed the freeze and the imposition of sanctions on the owners of the wallets involved, the technical action of the freeze itself was carried out by stablecoin issuer Tether. The stablecoin issuer had earlier stated that it was supporting OFAC and law enforcement agencies in freezing the $344 million linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Hezbollah militant group.

 

Following the announcement, Tether blacklisted two specific wallet addresses on the Tron blockchain, holding $213 million and $131 million in USDT respectively. This move by the U.S. Department of the Treasury follows a similar action in February, when OFAC sanctioned more than 30 individuals and entities allegedly linked to Iran’s oil shipping network.

 

Tether Expands Blockchain Development Efforts

Tether has consistently pushed forward with innovative blockchain developments. Just this month, it launched tether.wallet, its self custodial wallet that brings Tether’s global financial infrastructure within reach of those who have been left unbanked by the traditional financial system.

 

In an effort to enhance the utility of its stablecoins, Tether last month invested 5.2 million dollars into Ark Labs, supporting the building of Arkade, an infrastructure layer that brings programmable, instant transactions directly to the Bitcoin network. Through the Arkade network being built by Arkade Labs, we might see the introduction of stablecoins, including USDT, into Bitcoin.

 

Tether, for the first time, expanded USAT, its US regulated stablecoin, to the Celo blockchain. Since Celo is an Ethereum Layer 2 network optimized for payments, the expansion of USAT to Celo enabled the integration of USAT into Opera MiniPay and Google Cloud infrastructure.