U.S. Senate and State AGs Unveil Landmark Crypto Market Structure Legislation

After months of build-up the U.S. Senate along with state attorneys general have released a landmark draft of crypto market-structure legislation intended to create a comprehensive regulatory framework for the digital asset industry. The bill seeks to establish clearer rules for exchanges, custodians, stablecoins, and token issuers, signalling a major step in integrating crypto markets into the broader financial-regulatory system.

 

Key provisions of the legislation

 

Exchange registration and custody oversight

One of the bill’s cornerstone features is the requirement that platforms offering token trading register as exchanges or alternative trading systems under federal law. Custodial service providers will face enhanced capital, segregation, and reporting standards similar to traditional securities and futures firms. This aims to reduce counterparty risk and improve investor protections.

Stablecoin regulation and redemption guarantees

Stablecoins are addressed explicitly in the legislation. Issuers must maintain redemption rights at par value, hold reserves in approved categories, and submit to regular audits. This creates a regulated pathway for stablecoins to operate under federal oversight rather than piecemeal state rules.

Token classification and issuance protocols

The bill also introduces a clearer set of rules distinguishing when a token is treated as a security versus when it remains a commodity or other asset. Token issuers will face registration or exemption requirements depending on utility, liquidity and decentralization factors. This aims to reduce legal ambiguity for projects and improve market integrity.

Inter-agency coordination and enforcement

The legislation mandates cooperation among the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and state regulators. A new federal-state crypto oversight council is proposed to harmonize enforcement, share data and coordinate cross-border investigations.

Investor protection and disclosures

Exchanges and token issuers will be required to disclose meaningful risk information, liquidity metrics and relationship with affiliated entities. Retail investors would gain clearer visibility into where their assets are held, how trades are processed and what rights they possess in the case of insolvency or cyber-attack.

 

Why this matters for crypto markets

 

Path to legitimacy

For years the crypto industry has operated across fragmented regulatory regimes with varying standards. This legislation offers the possibility of a unified federal framework that could increase trust, lower friction and bring institutional capital to the space.

Institutional onboarding

Clearer rules for custody, trading and stablecoin issuance reduce operational risk for large players. Institutional funds, fiduciaries and corporates may be more willing to enter crypto markets if they can rely on regulated entities rather than offshore or lightly supervised platforms.

Token projects and innovation

While increased regulation introduces burden the bill simultaneously provides clarity. Projects now have clearer paths to token issuance, less fear of regulatory surprise and improved access to U.S. markets. The transparency could foster broader crypto ecosystem growth, especially for high-quality protocols.

 

Risks and criticisms

• Regulatory burden & cost Many smaller projects argue that compliance costs may favour large incumbents and stifle innovation in early-stage ecosystems.

• Securities law crossover If tokens are treated as securities many projects may face retroactive registration or litigation risk. The timing and grandfathering provisions will matter.

• Implementation complexity Coordinating federal and state regulators, aligning rules across 50 states and dealing with cross-border issues will be operationally intense.

• Risk of over-regulation Some stakeholders worry the legislation may push innovation offshore or drive it underground if U.S. rules become too restrictive compared to global peers.

 

What to watch next

• Senate floor votes and committee mark-ups The timeline for passing the legislation will influence market sentiment and business planning.

• Rule-making phases Exchanges, custodians and token issuers will monitor how the SEC, CFTC and new oversight council implement the rules.

• Stablecoin ecosystem response Will major stablecoin issuers adjust to the new reserve and audit standards and maintain parity?

• Token classification outcomes How many tokens will be reclassified as securities and how quickly issuers will respond?

• Global regulatory spill-over Other jurisdictions may adopt similar frameworks or respond to U.S. leadership in crypto regulation.

 

Final thoughts

The release of this crypto market-structure legislation marks a milestone in the maturation of the digital asset industry. By creating clearer rules for exchanges, custodians and issuers the U.S. is signalling that crypto is not outside the financial system—it is increasingly part of it.

For markets this means the potential for deeper liquidity, institutional participation and broader adoption—but also higher expectations around compliance, governance and transparency. The next phase of crypto may well depend less on token hype and more on regulated infrastructure, institutional trust and sustainable business models.

 

As this framework moves through Congress regulators and the industry alike will be watching closely. The outcome will shape not just the next bull market, but how crypto fits into global finance for years to come.

 

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Romania Blacklists Polymarket in Crackdown on Unlicensed Crypto Betting

 

Romania’s National Office for Gambling (ONJN) has placed Polymarket, a popular blockchain-based prediction market, on its national blacklist for operating without a local gambling license. The move marks one of the first times a European regulator has explicitly targeted a decentralized crypto-betting platform.

 

What Happened

According to reports confirmed by Yahoo Finance and Gambling Insider, the ONJN issued an updated list of banned gambling and betting sites, adding Polymarket to the roster. The regulator said it would “not allow the transformation of blockchain into a screen for illegal betting.”

The blacklist directs internet service providers in Romania to block access to the listed sites. Operators without a license are considered unregulated gambling entities, regardless of whether they use crypto or fiat currencies.

Polymarket users in Romania have since reported difficulty accessing the platform, which runs on the Ethereum and Polygon networks and allows people to bet on outcomes of political events, sports, and social trends using stablecoins.

 

Why Polymarket Was Targeted

Under Romanian law, all gambling or betting platforms that serve local users must register with and obtain authorization from the ONJN. This includes online platforms that use cryptocurrencies.

Polymarket, which positions itself as a “decentralized prediction market,” does not hold a gambling license in Romania. The ONJN therefore treated it as an unlicensed operator, grouping it with dozens of other offshore betting sites that have been banned from local access in recent months.

Romania’s approach reflects a wider regulatory push across Europe to enforce licensing requirements even for decentralized or crypto-based services. Authorities argue that while blockchain can improve transparency, it cannot be used to bypass national gambling regulations.

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A Growing Global Trend

Polymarket is no stranger to regulatory scrutiny. In 2022, the company paid a civil penalty to the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) for operating unregistered event-based markets. Since then, it has implemented geo-blocking to limit access from certain jurisdictions.

Romania’s action follows similar moves by other countries tightening oversight of crypto-gambling platforms. Regulators in the United Kingdom, Italy, and the Netherlands have all increased enforcement against unlicensed or offshore betting operators, many of which use cryptocurrencies for wagers and payouts.

These measures form part of a global effort to bring crypto-related gambling into existing regulatory frameworks, focusing on consumer protection, anti-money-laundering compliance, and tax reporting.

 

What It Means for Users

For Romanian residents, access to Polymarket is now restricted. Users attempting to visit the site are redirected or blocked by local ISPs. Engaging with unlicensed gambling services can also expose users to penalties under national law.

Globally, the move underscores a clear message from regulators: using blockchain does not exempt a platform from traditional licensing requirements. While crypto-based betting platforms promote transparency and open participation, they remain subject to the same laws as conventional gambling operators.

 

Polymarket’s Position

Polymarket has not publicly commented on the Romanian blacklist, but the platform’s documentation already lists Romania among its “restricted jurisdictions.” The company has previously stated that it aims to operate responsibly within local regulations and continues to expand in markets where prediction markets are permitted.

Industry observers note that Polymarket’s technology itself is not illegal; the challenge lies in regulatory definitions. Many jurisdictions classify markets that allow users to profit from event outcomes as a form of gambling, regardless of how the bets are structured or settled on-chain.

 

A Broader Message

Romania’s decision is part of a larger balancing act between innovation and oversight. Regulators are increasingly recognizing the potential of blockchain technology, but they are also drawing firm lines around activities that resemble gambling or financial speculation.

For crypto-prediction markets, the key challenge ahead will be finding ways to remain open and decentralized while still complying with regional laws.

The ONJN’s statement summed up the sentiment clearly: blockchain cannot be used as a shield for unlicensed betting.

 

The Bottom Line

The blacklisting of Polymarket in Romania highlights a new phase in the global conversation about crypto regulation. As blockchain applications expand into areas like prediction markets and decentralized finance, governments are working to ensure these innovations operate under existing legal structures.

 

For Polymarket, the ban may limit its reach in one European market, but it also reinforces the growing need for dialogue between blockchain innovators and traditional regulators. Transparency and accountability, it seems, will remain central to the next chapter of crypto’s evolution.

 

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Appeals Court Upholds Ruling Against Custodia Bank in Fed Master Account Case

 

A U.S. appeals court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, has affirmed that Custodia Bank is not automatically entitled to a Federal Reserve master account. The ruling supports an earlier decision from a Wyoming district court, which found that the Federal Reserve has discretion in granting or denying master account privileges.

The case centers on a special-purpose depository institution (SPDI) chartered in Wyoming that focuses on digital assets and crypto services. Custodia applied for a master account in October 2020 with the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and later sued both the Federal Reserve and the Kansas City Fed for what it described as unfair delay and denial of access.

In its judgment, the appeals court agreed that the Fed acted within its legal authority, rejecting Custodia’s claim that it was unlawfully denied access under federal banking laws.

 

Why It Matters

Access to a master account matters because it allows direct participation in core central bank services such as Fedwire and the Automated Clearing House (ACH). Without it, a bank must rely on a partner institution that already holds an account.

For Custodia and other crypto-friendly institutions, this ruling is significant because it reaffirms that eligibility does not guarantee access. Even if an institution meets charter requirements, the Federal Reserve retains discretion to deny or delay master account access.

For the broader banking and crypto industries, this decision sends a clear message: non-traditional or digital asset banks cannot assume central bank access simply because they hold a state charter. The Federal Reserve’s oversight and standards remain firm.

 

What’s Behind the Legal Battle

• Custodia argued that under the Monetary Control Act of 1980, Federal Reserve services are mandatory for eligible depository institutions. The bank claimed that the word “shall” in the law means entitlement to master account services.

• Regulators and legal experts disagreed, stating that the Federal Reserve Act gives the Fed discretion to assess risks and decide whether to grant access.

• The court found that Custodia failed to show a legally enforceable right to a master account. It also ruled that Custodia did not properly challenge a “final agency action” under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA).

• The district court judge warned that removing the Fed’s discretion could lead to a “race to the bottom,” with states offering light regulations to attract new banks looking for automatic access to Federal Reserve services.

 

What’s Next for Custodia and the Industry

Custodia may still seek further review, but this ruling narrows the path forward. The company can request a rehearing or appeal to the Supreme Court, though both options face long odds.

For the crypto banking industry, the message is clear: meeting state charter requirements is necessary but not enough. Institutions must also demonstrate strong risk management, compliance, and operational standards that meet Federal Reserve expectations.

Regulators and the financial sector will likely use this case as a precedent to define clearer guidelines for digital asset banks. Risk management, anti-money-laundering measures, and transparent governance will remain top priorities before granting master account access.

This case also signals that the Federal Reserve is cautious about integrating crypto-related banks into traditional financial systems until their risk frameworks align with established banking norms.

 

Final Thoughts

While the ruling is a setback for Custodia, it reinforces an important principle: access to central bank systems comes with oversight and responsibility. The decision does not shut out crypto banks entirely, but it does raise the bar for entry.

For the broader digital asset sector, this moment highlights the ongoing challenge of bridging innovation with regulation. The focus for crypto banks will now shift from arguing for entitlement to demonstrating readiness — proving that they can meet the same safety, stability, and trust standards that define the U.S. banking system.

 

In the end, this case is less about denial and more about definition. It sets the boundaries for what a compliant, well-managed crypto bank must look like if it wants a seat at the table in traditional finance.

 

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