#Layer 2

Optimism Proposes OP Buybacks Using Superchain Revenue
Optimism Weighs OP Token Buybacks Using Half of Superchain Revenue
Optimism is considering a significant shift in how value flows back to its native token holders.
A new governance proposal would allocate 50 percent of all Superchain revenue toward regular buybacks of the OP token, marking one of the clearest attempts yet by a major Layer 2 ecosystem to directly link token economics with real network revenue.
If approved, the buybacks would begin as early as February and would be funded through sequencer fees generated across the Superchain, Optimism’s growing network of OP Stack based chains. The remaining revenue would continue to support protocol development, public goods funding, and ecosystem operations.
The proposal reflects a broader debate playing out across crypto: how networks should balance reinvestment with returning value to token holders.
Tying OP Closer to Network Activity
Optimism’s Superchain model pools revenue from multiple Layer 2 networks that use the OP Stack. These chains contribute a portion of their sequencer fees into a shared system, creating a steady revenue stream tied directly to transaction activity.
Under the new plan, half of that revenue would be used to purchase OP tokens on the open market. Those tokens would then be held by the Optimism treasury, where governance could later decide whether to burn them, redistribute them, or use them for future incentives.
Supporters of the proposal argue that buybacks would strengthen the relationship between Superchain usage and demand for OP. As more chains join the ecosystem and activity grows, buyback volumes could rise alongside revenue.
It is a notable shift for a project that has historically emphasized governance participation and public goods funding over direct token value capture.
A Strategic Pivot for the Superchain
Optimism has spent the past year expanding the Superchain, with more networks adopting the OP Stack and contributing fees back to the collective. That growth has made revenue allocation a more pressing question. Optimism shared that it has collected 5,868 ETH in revenue from the Superchain, all of which has flowed into a token-governed treasury.
Rather than committing all proceeds to grants or long term development, the Foundation appears to be signaling that token holders should benefit more directly from the ecosystem’s success.
At the same time, the proposal stops short of mandating token burns or fixed distributions. By returning bought tokens to the treasury, Optimism preserves flexibility while still introducing a market facing mechanism tied to revenue.
Governance Decision Ahead
Under the proposal, which is expected to go to a governance vote on January 22, Optimism would begin monthly OP token buybacks as early as February. The purchases would be funded by sequencer fee revenue generated across OP Stack based networks, including Coinbase’s Base, Uniswap’s Unichain, World’s World Chain, Sony’s Soneium, and other Superchain members.
Approval would make Optimism one of the more prominent Ethereum scaling projects to formalize buybacks as part of its economic model.
Whether the plan passes or not, the discussion highlights a shift in tone across crypto infrastructure projects. As networks mature and generate meaningful revenue, questions around sustainability, incentives, and value capture are becoming harder to avoid.
For Optimism, the vote could shape how the Superchain evolves from a technical scaling solution into a fully self sustaining economic system.
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Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade Set for December 3, Bringing Major Scalability Improvements
Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade: A Critical Step Toward True Scalability
Ethereum is preparing for one of its most important upgrades in years. The Fusaka hard fork, officially scheduled for December 3, 2025, is designed to improve scalability, lower transaction costs, and strengthen support for layer 2 rollups. In a year defined by record network usage, rising global adoption, and increasing competition among blockchains, Fusaka represents a meaningful step toward Ethereum’s long-term vision as a scalable, decentralized world computer.
This upgrade is not a small patch. It integrates improvements across data availability, block capacity, gas economics, and validator efficiency. With Fusaka coming only months after a significant earlier update, Ethereum developers are clearly pushing hard to meet growing demand and prepare the network for its next phase of growth.
What Fusaka Introduces
Fusaka delivers a bundle of Ethereum Improvement Proposals focused on two primary goals: lowering the cost of data availability for layer 2 rollups and improving network throughput. At the center of the upgrade is a major new feature called PeerDAS, or Peer Data Availability Sampling.
PeerDAS: Foundational to Ethereum’s Scaling Vision
PeerDAS allows validators to verify data blobs by sampling only parts of the data instead of downloading the entire blob. This dramatically reduces bandwidth requirements and storage costs for validators. As a result, layer 2 networks can publish more data to Ethereum at a lower cost, which ultimately means cheaper and faster transactions for users.
PeerDAS is a core component of Ethereum’s long-term scaling strategy. Instead of increasing block size in ways that may centralize the network, Ethereum is increasing throughput through smarter and more efficient data verification.
Higher Block Gas Limit
Ahead of Fusaka, the block gas limit has been increased to 60 million. This allows more computational work per block, which helps handle higher transaction volumes. It also prepares the network for the increased activity expected from growing layer 2 ecosystems.
Blob Parameter Only Forks
Fusaka introduces a new mechanism that allows Ethereum to gradually increase blob capacity without requiring massive, coordinated hard forks. This flexibility gives developers the ability to scale blob data availability as demand from rollups increases. It is a more responsive and modern approach to protocol upgrades.
Gas Cost and Opcode Optimization
The upgrade also includes refinements to gas costs and opcode behavior. These changes improve smart contract efficiency, reduce unnecessary overhead, and create a more predictable environment for developers building large-scale applications.
Why Fusaka Matters
More Sustainable Layer 2 Growth
Layer 2 networks are already driving the majority of Ethereum’s user activity. However, their economics depend heavily on blob costs and data publishing efficiency. Fusaka directly supports this growth by lowering data availability costs and improving the performance of rollups.
For users, this could translate to lower fees and smoother experiences across DeFi, gaming, on-chain social networks, and other decentralized applications.
Reduced Congestion and Lower Fees
Ethereum has sometimes struggled with network congestion during peak periods, resulting in high gas fees. The combination of higher block gas limits, improved data handling, and optimized computation can help reduce these spikes. Fusaka does not eliminate gas fees entirely, but it makes the network more efficient and resilient under stress.
Future-Proofing Ethereum
Fusaka is designed as part of Ethereum’s larger “Surge” roadmap, which aims to scale the network to thousands of transactions per second without sacrificing decentralization. By improving both layer 1 and layer 2 performance, Fusaka builds the foundation for the next decade of Ethereum growth.
Improved Developer and Validator Experience
Optimizations in Fusaka reduce the burden on validators, make node operations more efficient, and help smart contract developers build more scalable applications. By lowering technical barriers and improving performance, the upgrade strengthens Ethereum’s long-term decentralization.
Community and Developer Readiness
Ethereum developers have tested Fusaka across multiple testnets, and client teams have signaled readiness for activation. The increase in block gas limits and smooth rollout of test configurations suggest strong coordination between developers, infrastructure teams, and validators.
Early analytics show rising activity on layer 2 networks, growing demand for blob space, and expanding multi-chain connectivity. These trends indicate that Fusaka is arriving at a crucial moment.
Risks and Considerations
Fusaka brings meaningful benefits, but there are challenges to consider.
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Large upgrades carry technical and synchronization risks for nodes and validators.
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Adoption by layer 2 networks may require additional time after Fusaka activates.
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High demand may still outpace capacity upgrades until additional improvements go live.
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Competing chains with aggressive scaling strategies may continue to pressure Ethereum.
Careful coordination among the ecosystem’s stakeholders will be essential to ensure a smooth transition.
What Fusaka Means for Ethereum’s Future
For users, Fusaka promises lower costs, improved performance, and a better on-chain experience. For developers, it offers stronger infrastructure and greater room to innovate without hitting scalability bottlenecks. For investors, it represents a tangible step toward long-term network maturity.
Ethereum’s evolution has always focused on gradual, sustainable progress rather than risky shortcuts. Fusaka embodies that philosophy. It improves the network in practical, meaningful ways, without compromising decentralization or security.
If successful, Fusaka may be remembered as the upgrade that unlocked Ethereum’s next growth cycle and cemented its position as the dominant platform for decentralized applications.
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